https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=42xvCIKkN4Y 源自油管 视频作者:Vividen: Paleontology Evolved 视频原文标题:The Megasauropods | When Nature Went Too Far 原视频简介:The megsauropods were the biggest land animals in Earth’s long and glorious history, but that’s a bit of a nebulous statement. And while elephants are certainly enormous by land mammal standards, the category “bigger than elephant” is a massive one. This video dives into the megasauropods: the biggest of the big, the sauropod dinosaurs whose largest specimens met or exceeded forty metric tonnes in overall mass. These animals were nearly immune to predation as adults, and a herd would act like an ecological earthquake as they mowed down forests and brush in their path. Their large torsos housed massive guts to permit industrial-scale fermentation of plant matter, which allowed their heads to remain small given they didn’t need to chew. Their long necks lifted their relatively tiny heads to reach plant matter that no other big herbivores could dream of reaching. In previous videos I’ve referred to this evolutionary process as a “feedback loop of gigantism,” and that’s still the best way to put it. Sauropods got big in the late Triassic, with early examples like the ten-tonne Ingentia. Success begat success, and by the Jurassic we saw real giants like the apatosaurines and diplodocines reaching over 30 meters long and weighing dozens of tonnes. Things got serious in the Cretaceous with the titanosaurs--but I won’t spoil too much. Sauropod List: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Wv-6O91Y900Fud1l14Yi1cpM4NvMD6txKt9pb8o5NsA/edit?gid=773248283#gid=773248283 Sauropod gigantism and biology: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC3045712/ 如果此视频有翻译错误,可以在评论区或弹幕指正(可亦方便指正错误修改)
查理曼的真正成就并不在于他建立起了一个多么高效的统治体制,多么统一的“基督教帝国”,查理曼通过灵活多变的政治手段,在中世纪早期的松散政治环境中,开创了充满可能性的帝国,无数的政治危机在他的手中变为了机遇,而后世的统治者可以在查理曼打下的地基上选择蓝图,最终建立起连贯的国家架构。 查理曼不是“欧洲秦始皇”,也不是“千古一帝”,更不是“神圣事业的皈依者”。恰恰正是因为查理曼不追求这些后世不切实际的神话,他才能发挥政治才能,把握住时代机遇,实现真正的伟大。
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